Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors

from Gregory I to Leo XIII

John Lewis

January 30, 2003

325 Council of Nicea confirms 4 equal Patriarchates: Jerusalem, Rome, Antioch, Alexandria

c. 375 Damasus I (366-84) asserts Roman supremacy

384-99 Siricius, Bishop of Rome, borrows imperial decree letter forms to rule

410 Visigoth sack of Rome

426 Augustine dei civitate Dei

418-451 Theodoric I, King of Visigoths

440-61 Leo I, first Pope / “Secret Emperor of West”

445 Edict of Valentian III confirms Bishop of Rome over the West

433-453 Attila, King of the Huns

453-466 Theodoric II, King of the Visigoths

455 Vandal sack of Rome

466-484 Euric King of Visigoths (murdered Theodoric II)

476 Emperor Romulus Augustulus deposed by Odoacer

471-526 Theodoric the Great, King of Ostrogoths

492-96 Pope Gelasius, letter to Emp. Anastasius I, asserts “2 powers” doctrine

529 St. Benedict’s Rule (Benedict of Nursia, 480-543); Theodosius closes Plato’s academy

c. 539 Arthur of Britain slain (?)

561-574 Pope John III

568 Alboin founds a Frankish Kingdom in Italy (to 774)

575-579 Pope Benedict I

578-581 Byzantine Emperor Tiberius II

582-602 Byzantine Emperor Maurice

579-590 Pope Pelagius II

590 First mention of Church Window Glass, in Gregory of Tours

590–604 Pope St. Gregory I (the Great)

560-636 Bishop Isidore of Seville; collection of Greek and Roman Writings

602-610 Byzantine Emperor Phocas (kills Maurice)

604–606 Pope Sabinian

607 Pope Boniface III

608–615 Pope Boniface IV

609 Pantheon in Rome consecrated as Church of S. Maria Rotunda

612 Monastery of St. Gall founded by Gallus

610-614 Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (kills Phocas). Heraclian Dynasty

615–618 Pope Deusdedit

619–625 Pope Boniface V

625–638 Pope Honorius I

629-638 Dagobert, Merovingian King of Franks

638-657 Clovis II (succeeds Dagobert)

638(?)-640 Pope Severinus

640–642 Pope John IV

641-668 Byzantine Emperor Constans II Pogonatus

641-652 Chindaswinth King of Visigoths

642–649 Pope Theodorus I

643-656 Grimaldi son of Pepin is Mayor of Austrasia

649–655 Pope St. Martin I

655–657 Pope Eugenius I

656-660 Clothar III King of Franks

668-685 Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV

663-673 Childeric III King of Austrasia

669 Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, organizes Anglo-Roman Church

657–672 Pope Vitalian

670 Law of the Visigoths in Spain

672–676 Pope Adeodatus

673 Death of Childeric II: Anarchy on Frankish Kingdoms

676–678 Pope Donus or Domnus I

678–681 Pope Agatho

680-681 6^th Ecumenical Council of Constantinople condemns Montheletic doctrine (Christ of 2 natures, only one with will); upheld by Pope Honorius I 628-38 and emperor Heraclius I; repudiation of papal infallibility

682–683 Pope Leo II

683–685 Pope Benedict II

685–686 Pope John V

685-695 Emperor Justinian II (First reign)

686–687 Pope Conon

687 Victory of Pepin the Younger at Testry unites Franks ; Hereditary Mayors of the Palace

691-695 Clovis III King of Franks

692 Quinisext Council at Constantinople settles Eastern Church Canon

687–701 Pope Sergius I

695-698 Byzantine Emperor Leontinus deposes Justinian

698-705 Byzantine Emperor Tiberius III deposes Leontinus

701–705 Pope John VI

705-711 Byzantine Emperor Justinian II restored

705–707 Pope John VII

708 Pope Sisinnius

708–715 Pope Constantine I, Last Pope to Visit Constantinople

711-715 Byzantine Emperor Philip Bardanes kills Justinian II

711-716 Dagobert III King of Franks

713-715 Byzantine Emperor Anastasius II

715-717 Byzantine Emperor Theodosius III

672-735 Venerable Bede ecclesiastical History of England

715–731 Pope Gregory II. Controversy with iconoclastic Leo the Isaurian. Gregory negotiates with Frankish kings for protection.

717-741 Byzantine Emperor Leo III (the Isaurian) seizes the throne from Theodosius III.

718 Arab siege of Constantinople fails

720 Iconoclasm politics of Byzantine Leo III and Constantine V

731–741 Pope Gregory III

c. 732-804 Alcuin of York

732 Mayor of Frankish Kingdom, Charles Martel, defeats Saracens at Tours. Gregory renews negotiations with Franks for protection from Lombards. Boniface installed as Metropolitan of Germany over the Rhine.

737-751 Childeric III King of Franks. 739 Pope Gregory III asks Charles Martel for help vs. Lombards.

741–752 Pope Zacharias

741 Pepin the Short becomes Frankish Mayor of the Palace

741-775 Byzantine Emperor Constantine V. Continues Iconoclasm policy.

750-768 Pepin acclaimed King of Franks; Childeric III deposed with approval of Pope Zachary (741-52); end of Merovingian line; start of Carolingians

752 Pope Stephen II

752–757 Pope Stephen III (II)

753 Donation 0f Pepin; fraudulent Isidorian decretals

754 Murder of Boniface

756 Lombardy reduced to vassal state of Pepin

757–767 Pope Paul I (Brother of Stephen III)

767–768 Antipope Constantine II

768–772 Pope Stephen IV

772–795 Pope Adrian I; appeals to Charlemagne for aid against Lombards

768-814 Frankish King, Charlemagne; crowned in Rome 800

768-771 co-rules with brother Carloman

773-774 Charlemagne annexes Lombard kingdom

775-780 Byzantine Emperor Leo IV

780-802 Byzantine Empress Irene restores icons

782 Alcuin of York to Charlemagne’s Court (735-804)

791-792 Byzantine Empress Irene imprisoned by son; regains power.

797 blinds son Constantine and takes full power. (Proposal to marry Charlemagne?)

795–816 Pope Leo III

802-810 Byzantine Emperor Nicepherus I deposes Irene

810-813 Byzantine Emperor Michael I Rangabe

813-820 Byzantine Emperor Leo V the Armenian

813 Synod of Mainz declares 4 days of Christmas celebrations

814-840 Louis the Pious (le Débonnaire) rules Franks. Crowned at Rheims, 816. In 817 he divided kingdom among his sons

816–817 Pope Stephen V

816-17 1st Monastic Reform Movement Benedict of Aniane; for strict observance of Benedict’s rule

817–824 Pope Paschal I

820-829 Byzantine Emperor Michael II the Amorian ; end of Syrian, start of Phrygian, dynasties.

824–827 Pope Eugenius II

827 Pope Valentin (40 days)

827–844 Pope Gregory IV

829-842 Byzantine Emperor Theophilus

837 New division of Frankish Kingdom between Louis the Pious and son Lothar I

840–855 Lothar I King of franks, crowned 823

770-840 Einhard, Scholar of Charlemagne’s court

844 ? Pope John (diaconus) The mythical papess Joan or John VIII

844–847 Pope Sergius II

840-876 Louis the German, King of Germany

843 Treaty of Verdun divides Franks into German (-911), French (-987), and Italian (-875) lines.

846 Arab sack of Rome

847–855 Pope Leo IV

855–858 Pope Benedict III

855 Pope Anastasius.

855 Lothar divides Italian Kingdom among his sons

855-875 Louis II (in Italy)

858–867 Pope Nicolas I

867-886 Byzantine Emperor Basil I, Macedonian Dynasty

867–872 Pope Adrian II

872–882 Pope John VIII

870 Treaty of Mersen partitions Lorraine

875 Emperor Charles the Bald

878 King Alfred takes London from Danes; Treaty of Chippenham

879 Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicate each other

881-887 Emperor Charles the Fat, crowned 884

882–884 Pope Marinus I

884–885 Pope Adrian III

885–891 Pope Stephen VI

886 Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise

887-889 Emperor Arnulf, crowned 896)

891–896 Pope Formosus

896 Pope Boniface VI

896–897 Pope Ste

897 Pope Romanus

897 Pope Theodorus II

898–900 Pope John IX

899 Louis the Child

900–903 Pope Benedict IV

903 Pope Leo V

901 King Louis III of Provence (in Italy)

903–904 Pope Christophorus (deposed)

904–911 Pope Sergius III

910 2^nd Monastic reforms: Cluny abbey. Up to 200 monasteries join.

911–913 Pope Anstasius III

911-918 King Conrad I (of Franconia) of Germany

913–914 Pope Lando

914–928 Pope John X

915 King Berengar (in Italy)

928–929 Leo VI

918-926 King Henry I the Fowler of Germany. House of Saxony

929–931 Pope Stephen VIII

931–936 Pope John XI

936–939 Pope Leo VII

939–942 Pope Stephen IX

936-973 Saxon Emperor Otto I (the Great) crowned 962

942–946 Pope Marinus II

946–955 Pope Agapetus II

955–963 Pope John XII (deposed)

963–965 Pope Leo VIII

964 Pope Benedict V (deposed)

965–972 Pope John XIII

972–974 Pope Benedict VI

973-983 King Otto II

974–983 Pope Benedict VII

(Pope Boniface VII?)

983–984 Pope John XIV (murdered)

983-1002 Emperor Otto III crowned 996

984–985 Pope Boniface VII

985–996 Pope John XV

987-96 Hugh Capet, nominal King of the Franks

996–999 Pope Gregory V

997–998 Pope Calabritanus John XVI

1002-1024 Emperor Henry II the Saint, last of Saxon emperors, crowned 1014

998–1003 Pope Silvester II

c. 1000 Norsemen in North America

1003 Pope John XVII

1003–1009 Pope John XVIII

1009–1012 Pope Sergius IV

1012 Pope Gregory

1012 Camaldolese founded, monastic reform movement, by Romuald of Ravenna

1012–1024 Pope Benedict VIII

1018 Byzantine Emperor Basil II, the Bulgar-Slayer, brings Bulgaria into Byzantine Empire; blinds 15,000 Bulgars; their King Samuel and his successor son die (Williams, 1904:24:168; Schlosser, Weltgeschichte)

1024-1039 Emperor Conrad II, House of Franconia, crowned 1027

1024–1033 Pope John XIX

1033–1046 Pope Benedict IX (deposed)

1044–1046 Pope Silvester III

1039-1056 Emperor Henry III, crowned in 1046

1045–1046 Pope Gregory VI, abdicated ay Synod of Sutri

1046–1047 Pope Clement II

1047–1048 Pope Damasus II

1048–1054 Pope Leo IX, Bishop Bruno of Toul. Attained papacy with support of Hildebrand, with clergical and popular acclaim. Took arms against Normans; was captured by Robert Guiscard, held for 9 months, and released by granting Apulia, Calabria and Sicily.

1054–1057 Pope Victor II, Gebhart Bishop of Eichstaedt. Appointed by Emperor after election by clergy in deputation to court of Emperor Henry III, led by Hildebrand.

1056-1106 Emperor Henry IV, age 6 when Henry III died; regency of his mother. Crowned Emperor by Antipope Clement in 1084

1057–1058 Pope Stephen IX (X) cardinal Abbot of Monte Cassino. Elected by Clergy / people of Rome without reference to Emperor. With a new 7 year old Emperor Rome was able to assert more independence than when Henry III was alive.

1058–1059 Pope Benedict X Elected by Roman nobility under Tusculan leadership. Deposed by Hildebrand on his return to Rome from Emperor’s Court.

1059–1061 Pope Nicolas II, Gerhard, Bishop of Florence. Elected with consent of Empress. Hildebrand’s Party dominates Rome.

April 1059 Lateran Council. Election of Pope transferred to “Cardinal Bishops” and “Cardinal Clergy.” Beginning of corporate history of Cardinals. Alliance made with Normans, who had freed Sicily and South Italy from Saracens. Norman Robert Guiscard made Duke of Apulia and Calabria, to be feudal fiefs paying tribute to Rome. Church participates in feudal hierarchies.

1061–1073 Pope Alexander II, Formerly Anselm of Baggio and Bishop of Lucca. He had supported Hildebrand against the Milanese who opposed reforms of Lateran Council of 1059; elected Pope with Norman support. Lines of opposition are Normans and Pope versus Emperor. Peter Damiani a strong moral voice on Hildebrand’s side.

1061 Schism of Caladus. Anti-Pope Cadalus (Honorius II), Bishop of Parma, elected by Anti-Hildebrand Roman Nobles with support of young Henry IV. His supporters organized in favor of Simony and Clerical marriage and concubinage. Cadalus entered Rome by force, held Castle of St. Angelo for two years, then left without support. His party collapsed.

May 31 1064: Council of Mantua recognized Alexander universally.

1069 Monastery at Hirsau founded; reform movement

1071 Seljuk Turks, under Alp Arslan, take Jerusalem and Syria from Fatimid caliphs of Egypt. Battle of Manzikert: Byzantine Armies under Romanos IV Diogenes defeated.

1073–1085 Gregory VII (Hildebrand)

1074 Gregory declares aim to aid Christians in Orient

1077 Rudolf of Swabia rival to Emperor; 3/13/1077 friends of Pope Gregory VII offer imperial crown to Rudolf. Rudolf dies in battle 1080.

1080–1100 Wibert of Ravenna selected anti-Pope Clement III by German nobles under emperor Henry IV.

Factions: Henry IV and Clement III versus Gregory VII, Matilda, Normans.

1081 Hermann of Luxemburg selected by papal friends as anti-Emperor to follow Rudolf

1081, 1082, 1083 Henry IV to Rome; finally takes city by force. Gregory retreats to Castello S. Angelo. Clement III consecrated.

1084 Spring Henry returns with Clement III; consecrates Clement, Clement crowns Henry on Easter. They leave Rome; Normans under Robert Guiscard arrive and sack city. Gregory VII and Robert flee the destruction.

1084 Carthusans founded, Monastic reforms, by Bruno of Cologne

1985 Gregory VII and Robert Guiscard die in Salerno.

1086–1087 Pope Victor III, Cardinal Desiderius of Monte Cassino, hand selected by Gregory VII.

1088–1099 Pope Urban II, Otto Bishop of Ostia, also selected by Gregory VII.

11/26.1095 Synod of Clermont: Urban II convinces knights / princes to join in a Crusade

1096-1099 1^st Crusade

1098 Cistercians founded by Robert of Molesme. St. Bernard first abbot at Clairvaux, 1115

1099–1118 Pope Paschal II

1100 Pope Theodoricus

1102 Pope Albertus

1106-1125 Emperor Henry V

1105–1111 Maginulfus (Pope Silvester IV)

1118–1119 Pope Gelasius II

1118–1121 Burdinus (Pope Gregory VIII)

1123 Celibacy for future priests

1125-1137 King Lothaire II the Saxon

1119–1124 Pope Calixtus II

1123 Celibacy for future priests

1124 Theobaldus Buccapecus (Pope Celestine)

1138-1152 Emperor Conrad III, The House of Hohenstaufen. (The Swabian emperors.) (Crowned at Aix)

1124–1130 Pope Honorius II.

1130–1143 Pope Innocent II

1130–1138 Pope Anacletus II

1138 Gregory (Pope Victor IV)

1143–1144 Pope Celestine II

1144–1145 Pope Lucius II

1145–1153 Pope Eugenius III

1147-1149 2^nd Crusade

1152-1190 Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) Crowned emperor 1155

1154-1399 House of Anjou-Plantagenet: 1154-89 Henry II.

1153–1154 Pope Anastasius IV

1154–1159 Pope Adrian IV

1154-1399 House of Anjou-Plantagenet: 1154-89 Henry II.

1159–1181 Pope Alexander III, in Rome. Defender of Hildebrandian Theocracy

1159–1164 Anti- Pope Victor IV, Cardinal Octavian of St. Cecelia, who took the Vatican, in Rome

1164–1168 Anti-Pope Paschal III, Guido Cremensis

1168–1178 Anti-Pope Calixtus III, Johannes de Struma

1179 3rd Lateran Council. Confirms one Pope only, elected by 2/3 vote of Cardinals.

1177 Peace of Venice. Calixtus III to abey ; Alexander III legitimated by all parties.

1179 3rd Lateran Council. Confirms one Pope only, elected by 2/3 vote of Cardinals. Alexander III driven into exile by Roman people, who have no say in electing him; dies 1181 in exile.

1181–1185 Pope Lucius III. Also driven into exile by people.

1185–1187 Pope Urban III

1187 Pope Gregory VIII

1187–1191 Pope Clement III

1189-1192 3^rd Crusade

1195-1198 4^th Crusade

1190–1197 Emperor Henry VI

1191–1198 Pope Celestine III

1198–1216 Pope Innocent III

1199-1216 John I of England

1198 Philip of Swabia and Otto IV  (rivals)

1201-1204 5^th Crusade. Sack of Constantinople

1182-1226 Francis of Assisi: 1206 Francis teaches; Franciscan Order founded; (1^st Mendicant order)

1209-1215 Emperor Otto IV 1209–1215

1212 Children’s Crusade; to provide pure and innocent Crusaders; up to 50,000 killed /sold

1215 Frederick II Emperor with Innocent III’s approval; promises Innocent III a Crusade

1215 English Magna Charta

1216 Dominican Order est. (2^nd Mendicant order)

1220 Chartres Cathedral began

1217-1229 6^th Crusade. Frederick II calls self King of Jerusalem

1216-72 Henry III

1216–1227 Pope Honorius III

1216 Dominican Order est. (2^nd Mendicant order)

1223 Honorius III confirms Franciscan order

1215-1250 Emperor Frederick II. Crowned emperor 1220

1227–1241 Pope Gregory IX

1239-1240 7^th Crusade. Gregory VIII preaches.

1241 Pope Celestine IV

(Henry Raspe rival)

1241–1254 Pope Innocent IV

(William of Holland rival)

1248-1254 8^th Crusade. Louis IX of France defeated at Battle of Mansura, 1250

1250–1254 Pope Conrad IV

1254–1261 Pope Alexander IV

1254–1273 Interregnum

Richard (Earl of Cornwall)

1261–1264 Pope Urban IV

1257 Alfonso (King of Castile) (rivals)

1265–1268 Pope Clement IV

1270-1272 9^th Crusade. Louis IX of France and Prince Edward of England. 1291 Loss of Acre to Khalil

1271–1276 Pope Gregory X

1276 Pope Innocent V

1272-1291 Emperor Rudolf I (Austrian House of Hapsburg)

1276 Pope Adrian V

1276–1277 Pope John XXI

1277–1280 Pope Nicolas III

1281–1285 Pope Martin IV

1285–1287 Pope Honorius IV

1288–1292 Pope Nicolas IV

1292–1298 Adolf (of Nassau)

1294 Pope St. Celestine V (abdicated)

1294–1303 Pope Boniface VIII

1298–1308 Pope Emperor Albert I (Hapsburg)

1303–1304 Pope Benedict XI

1305–1314 Pope Clement V. Moved papacy to Avignon 1309, his successors there for 70 years, until Gregory XI.

1308–1313 Emperor Henry VII (of Luxemburg)

1316–1334 Pope John XXII

1314–1347 Emperor Lewis IV (of Bavaria)

1334–1342 Pope Benedict XII

1314–1330 (Frederick the Fair of Austria, rival)

1342–1352 Pope Clement VI

1352–1362 Pope Innocent VI

1362–1370 Pope Urban V

1347-1378 King Charles IV (of Luxemburg)

1370–1378 Pope Gregory XI. Western schism until 1415.

(Gunther of Schwarzburg, rival)

1378–1389 Pope Urban VI

1378–1394 Pope Clement VII antipope

1389–1404 Pope Boniface IX